How to play Chess ! Tips

Here is some compilation of tips to play chess!

#1 Protect your king
Get your king to the corner of the board where he is usually safer. Don’t put off castling. You should usually castle as quickly as possible. Remember, it doesn’t matter how close you are to checkmating your opponent if your own king is checkmated first!

#2 Don’t give pieces away
Don’t carelessly lose your pieces! Each piece is valuable and you can’t win a game without pieces to checkmate. There is an easy system that most players use to keep track of the relative value of each chess piece:
A pawn is worth 1
A knight is worth 3
A bishop is worth 3
A rook is worth 5
A queen is worth 9
The king is infinitely valuable

#3 Control the center
You should try and control the center of the board with your pieces and pawns. If you control the center, you will have more room to move your pieces and will make it harder for your opponent to find good squares for his pieces. In the example above white makes good moves to control the center while black plays bad moves.

#4 Use all of your pieces
In the example above white got all of his pieces in the game! Your pieces don’t do any good when they are sitting back on the first row. Try and develop all of your pieces so that you have more to use when you attack the king. Using one or two pieces to attack will not work against any decent opponent.

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Mating Pre-requisites:
The main goal in chess is to mate the opponent. This can be done indirectly by creating a decisive material advantage, or via a straightforward mating attack. However, one shouldn’t aim for an assault in any position. If there are no prerequisites for it, you will probably run into trouble by forcing matters.

In most cases mating attacks occur in the middle game, but sometimes in the opening (due to careless play) or the endgame (even without queens on board). Let’s review the typical prerequisites of a mating attack:

1.Prerequisites based on the position!

1)Location of the king
If the king is in the centre, hasn’t castled or is exposed, it is worth considering attacking it. A king is a very slow piece. Should it get stuck in the centre while many pieces are in the game, it has great chances to be eliminated soon.

2)Lead in development
A player with a lead in development has more active pieces. This may become a good factor for starting an attack.

3)Pawn structure
When the king is safely hidden by a chain of pawns on their initial squares (e.g. f2-g2-h2), it is one thing. Typical pawn moves (g3, h3) create weak squares that can be exploited by the opponent.

4)Location of pieces
When most of your pieces are targeting the opponent’s king, it may serve as an indication of an upcoming attack. The rule of thumb is that it’s better to have more pieces in the attack than your opponent has in the defence. To simplify matters, some American authors assign $ value to pieces and calculate how large an “investment” each player has in the conflict.

5)Space advantage
Advantage in space allows one to maneuver and relocate the pieces quickly. In such situations the defender may not be able to regroup his forces as quickly as the attacker, and thus lose.

6)Command of the centre
This item is similar to the previous one. The player who has control of the centre has no difficulty transferring his pieces to attacking positions. When a piece is located in the center, it is usually more effective (especially knights).

7)Opposite-side castles
Opposite-side castles often lead to races on different sides of the board, when each player is trying to find the right balance between defending and attacking the opponent. Opposite-side castles allow the attacker to use pawns actively (e.g. sacrificing them to open up files) since his own king’s pawn shield won’t suffer (due to being placed on the other side of the board).

2.Prerequisites that are not based on positional factors!

1)Your opponent is afraid of attacks
By studying your opponent’s games, you may find out what types of positions he prefers and dislikes. If you see that he is a very poor defender, you may want to play actively.

2)Time trouble

It is very hard to defend well in time trouble, so the time factor can be used to one’s advantage too. However, one shouldn’t rely on reckless attacks and cheap tricks (hoping that the opponent will fall for them in time trouble) unless one is completely lost.
Sometimes a single prerequisite is enough for starting an attack, while in other cases a few are required. It is also important to keep an eye on your partner’s options. Quite often people are so excited about their attack that they go all-in, create structural weaknesses in their position and lose to counter-attacking players.

The following game was played in 2007. By reviewing it you will see a few methods of collaboration between pieces in an attack.
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Some Opening Principles and Chess Strategies
Quick List of Chess Strategies:
* Avoid Moving a Chess Piece Twice During the Opening is a good chess strategy.
* It is Better Chess Strategy to Develop the Knights before Their Respective Bishops.
* A good chess strategy is to Develop Both Knights before the Queen’s Bishop.
* A good chess strategy is Do Not Develop your Chess Pieces Exclusively on One Side.
* A good chess strategy is as a Rule Do Not Play a Piece beyond Your Own Side of the Board in the Opening.
* A good chess strategy is if You Have Castled Do Not Permit the Opponent to Open a File on Your King.
* A good chess strategy is to Avoid Pinning the Opponent’s King’s Knight before He has Castled, Especially When You Have Yourself Castled on the King’s Side.
* A good chess strategy is to Avoid Making Exchanges which Develop Another Piece for the Opponent.
* A good chess strategy is to Avoid Exchanging Bishops for Knights Early in the Game.
* A good chess strategy is to Avoid Premature Attacks.

First read My System by Nimzovitch, next read something by Euwe, Fine, Kotov or Romanovsky - they all wrote excellent works on middle games and general strategic principles.

You should also work on endgame principles, try reading a general endgame book by Chernev, Euwe or Keres for starters. Fine Basic Chess Endings is indispensable as a general endgame reference book, but it's not meant to be read all the way through any more than a dictionary is.

Great Linux Guide.

http://ashutoshlinuxnotes.blogspot.in/p/18.html Hope you guys enjoy. good night.

Guia do Estudante

Ajuda Universitária

Olá Estimado Leitor,
Já teve problema para assimilar o conteúdo de uma cadeira? Dificuldades pra entender os assuntos? Este post é pra você meu filho(a)!! Separei algumas dicas pra dar uma ajudinha nos estudos. Vamos lá?

1) Antes de qualquer coisa, a primeira palavra é ORGANIZAÇÃO. Isso mesmo. Pra ter um aproveitamento maior daquilo que você estuda (e do resto das coisas da vida também) não tem pra onde correr, é preciso um mínimo de organização. Isso quer dizer, que é importante ter um tempo específico para o estudo, em certa medida a rotina é fundamental. Desta forma, é recomendável que se tenha um período específico do dia, que não precisa ser de 24 horas ou 24 minutos, que sejam dedicados ao estudo. Mas, na hora de fazer o cronograma seja realista e respeite seus limites, pra não desanimar, ok?








2) Se ler o assunto já é bom, saiba que escrever torna ainda melhor o estudo, como já confirmam algumas pesquisas. Além disso, é interessante evitar digitar as anotações, e sim, copiar à mão (como sempre era feito há muitoooooo atrás). Ler e escrever aumenta o nível de concentração.

3) Quando se trata de estudo de verdade, é melhor esquecer os amigos. É, você sabe que com eles não dá certo né? E além disso, o estudar só inclui também não estar acompanhado dos aparelhos eletrônicos, quaisquer que sejam. Desliga isso tudo, porque você só vai conseguir perder tempo, é interessante sempre estar em um lugar organizado e calmo. Beleza?









4) A sala de aula é um lugar muito importante. Mas não é apenas lá que conseguiremos aprender, nela vamos tirar dúvidas de coisas que já estudamos ou que ainda não vimos direito. Além disso, uma prática que ajuda muito com o acúmulo de coisas pra estudar, algo que todo mundo enfrenta é revisar a matéria do dia da aula.

5) Tem gente que diz que não se pode ouvir música estudando. Até pode, desde que seja em uma língua desconhecida. Isso vai garantir que você não se distraia. Pra que você fique mais relaxado, além dá música, você pode se alongar ou fazer um exercício leve que ajude sua mente a entender que você está prestes a estudar.




Por enquanto é tudo! Espero que estas dicas ajudem vocês como me ajudaram. Boa sorte a todos os universitários nos estudos. As aulas da maioria já começaram ou vão começar, então mãos á obra.
Bom dia!!!

fonte: http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/

The Startup Kids - Filme Completo

The Startup Kids is a documentary about the growing number of young web dynamos such as the founders of Vimeo, Soundcloud, Kiip, InDinero, Dropbox, and Foodspotting in the U.S. and Europe.


Release Date: 2012 Duration: 55 min
Cast: Timothy C. Draper, Trip Adler, Ben Way, Ping Li, Hermione Way, Brian Wong, Zach Klein, Leah Culver, Morten Lund, Loïc Le Meur, Ben Tompkins, Bryce Roberts, James Lindenbaum, Drew Houston, Jessica Mah, Alexander Ljung, Alexa Andrzejewski, Kristian Segerstrale, Carter Cleveland, Sam Lessin, Daniel Levine, Mg Siegler, Mike Butcher (Show Less)
Categories: Movies, Biography, Documentary


The Startup Kids is a documentary about young web entrepreneurs in the U.S. and Europe. It contains interviews with founders of Vimeo, Dropbox, Soundcloud, Debito and more who talk about how they started their company and their lives as an entrepreneur. Along with that people from the tech scene speaks about the startup environment including the venture capitalist Tim Draper and MG Siegler, tech blogger at Techcrunch. It features: Brian Wong Alexander Ljung Jessica Mah Leah Culver Ben Way Zach Klein Johar Carreon The documentary is available as download on iTunes or DVD. - and received 6,5 out of 10 on IMDb The official homepage for the documentary is www.thestartupkids.com Startup Kids is also a Danish blog for entrepreneurs, founded by the two Danish entrepreneurs Christoffer Baadsgaard and Morten Holst Henriksen. The blog was named before the documentary.

Locating countries from IP Addresses

1.Converting an IP address to an IP Number
2.Retrieving the Country Name and Country Code from the IP Number

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1. Converting an IP address to an IP Number

IP address (IPv4 / IPv6) is divided into 4 sub-blocks. Each sub-block has a
different weight number each powered by 256. IP number is being used in the
database because it is efficient to search between a range of number in database.

Beginning IP number and Ending IP Number are calculated based on following formula:
IP Number = 16777216*w + 65536*x + 256*y + z     (Formula 1)

where IP Address = w.x.y.z

For example, if IP address is "202.186.13.4", then its IP Number "3401190660" is based on the Formula 1.

IP Address = 202.186.13.4

So, w = 202, x = 186, y = 13 and z = 4

IP Number = 16777216*202 + 65536*186 + 256*13 + 4 = 3388997632 + 12189696 + 3328 + 4 = 3401190660

To reverse IP number to IP address,

w = int ( IP Number / 16777216 ) % 256
x = int ( IP
Number / 65536    ) % 256
y = int ( IP Number / 256      ) % 256
z = int ( IP Number ) % 256

where % is the mod operator and int is return the integer part of the division.

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2. Retrieving the Country Name and Country Code from the IP Number

Search the IP-COUNTRY TABLE to match a unique record that has the IP
number fits between From IP Number and To IP Number.

For example, IP Address "202.186.13.4" is equivalent to IP Number "3401190660". It falls in the following range of IP number in the table because it is between the "From IP number" and the "To IP number".

"3401056256","3401400319","MY","MALAYSIA"

From the IP range, the Country Name is Malaysia and Country Code is MY.

IP-COUNTRY TABLE:
 

From IP Number	To IP Number	Country Code	Country Name
3400892416	3400925183	HK	HONG KONG
3400925184	3400933375	TH	THAILAND
3400941568	3400949759	AU	AUSTRALIA
3400957952	3400966143	AU	AUSTRALIA
3400982528	3400990719	HK	HONG KONG
3400990720	3400998911	ID	INDONESIA
3400998912	3401003007	PH	PHILIPPINES
3401007104	3401011199	IN	INDIA
3401023488	3401056255	TH	THAILAND
3401056256	3401400319	MY	MALAYSIA
3401408512	3401416703	HK	HONG KONG
3401416704	3401420799	KR	KOREA, REPU
3401441280	3401449471	PH	PHILIPPINES
3401449472	3401515263	MY	MALAYSIA
3401531392	3401539583	IN	INDIA
3401547776	3401580543	MY	MALAYSIA
3401580544	3402629119	CN	CHINA
3402629120	3404464127	JP	JAPAN
3405774848	3406434303	AU	AUSTRALIA
3406436352	3409969151	AU	AUSTRALIA
3409969152	3410755583	TW	TAIWAN
3410755584	3410780159	AU	AUSTRALIA
3410788352	3410796543	HK	HONG KONG
3410796544	3410800639	LK	SRI LANKA
3410812928	3410821119	AU	AUSTRALIA
3410821120	3410853887	TW	TAIWAN
3410853888	3410862079	HK	HONG KONG
3410870272	3410874367	IN	INDIA
3410878464	3410886655	ID	INDONESIA
3410886656	3410887679	TW	TAIWAN
3410894848	3410898943	HK	HONG KONG
3410903040	3410911231	HK	HONG KONG
3410919424	3410927615	IN	INDIA
3410944000	3410952191	PH	PHILIPPINES
3410952192	3410960383	TW	TAIWAN
3410968576	3410984959	NZ	NEW ZEALAND
3410984960	3411017727	TW	TAIWAN
3411017728	3411018751	HK	HONG KONG
3411034112	3411051519	HK	HONG KONG
3411058688	3411062783	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411066880	3411083775	HK	HONG KONG
3411087360	3411091455	CN	CHINA
3411091456	3411095551	SG	SINGAPORE
3411099648	3411107839	MM	MYANMAR
3411116032	3411124223	IN	INDIA
3411132416	3411136511	PK	PAKISTAN
3411147776	3411149311	HK	HONG KONG
3411156992	3411161087	PH	PHILIPPINES
3411165184	3411173375	MY	MALAYSIA
3411181568	3411189759	JP	JAPAN
3411197952	3411202047	BD	BANGLADESH
3411213312	3411215359	HK	HONG KONG
3411230720	3411247103	HK	HONG KONG
3411247104	3411255295	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411278848	3411296255	HK	HONG KONG
3411312640	3411313151	HK	HONG KONG
3411329024	3411337215	PH	PHILIPPINES
3411337216	3411341311	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411345408	3411411967	HK	HONG KONG
3411435520	3411443711	IN	INDIA
3411443712	3411460095	HK	HONG KONG
3411475456	3411476479	HK	HONG KONG
3411476480	3411509247	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411509248	3411517439	PH	PHILIPPINES
3411525632	3411529727	SG	SINGAPORE
3411533824	3411543039	CN	CHINA
3411558400	3411566591	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411574784	3411582975	IN	INDIA
3411591168	3411595263	HK	HONG KONG
3411599360	3411607551	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411607552	3411608575	CN	CHINA
3411623936	3411632127	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411640320	3411648511	PK	PAKISTAN
3411656704	3411673087	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411673088	3411674111	CN	CHINA
3411689472	3411701759	IN	INDIA
3411722240	3411726335	PH	PHILIPPINES
3411730432	3411738623	HK	HONG KONG
3411738624	3411739647	CN	CHINA
3411755008	3411763199	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411771392	3411779583	HK	HONG KONG
3411795968	3411804159	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411804160	3411805183	CN	CHINA
3411820544	3411832831	SG	SINGAPORE
3411836928	3411845119	MY	MALAYSIA
3411853312	3411857407	IN	INDIA
3411861504	3411869695	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411869696	3411943423	CN	CHINA
3411951616	3411967999	LK	SRI LANKA
3411968000	3411984383	AU	AUSTRALIA
3411984384	3412000767	IN	INDIA
3412000768	3412002815	CN	CHINA
3412017152	3412025343	SG	SINGAPORE
3412033536	3412066303	TW	TAIWAN
3412066304	3412213759	NZ	NEW ZEALAND
3412213760	3412221951	AU	AUSTRALIA
3412230144	3412246527	HK	HONG KONG
3412254720	3412262911	NR	NAURU
3412262912	3412273151	NZ	NEW ZEALAND
3412279296	3412281343	NZ	NEW ZEALAND

Musical Concepts

Musical Concepts

<sub>Without getting to deep into music theory, periods, styles and all that (which is too western) we are going to explore some basic musical concepts.

Music can be said to be built by the interplay of melody, harmony and rhythm.

Melody is what results from playing notes of different pitches - sometimes pitches can be repeated too - one after the other in an 'organised' way. Melodies are very distinguishable and are often singable. However, just the succession of pitches doesn't make a melody. Each note played has a duration. The relation between durations refers to rhythm.

But, before rhythm, lets talk about pulse. Like every living organism, music has a pulse - beats (like that of the heart). And although we not always hear it, it is always there. Do you remember when children learn to clap their hands to follow songs? There is a constant, implicit, beat that happens periodically. In some cases, it is in fact played by instruments. For example, in Australian aboriginal music it is often played by clap sticks.

But rhythm is not just a constant periodic beat. The beat or pulse is like its skeleton. Rhythm is how you inhabit the pulse. Rhythm is what results of combining notes of different durations, sometimes coinciding with the beat and sometimes not. For example, if you can notice in Reggae or Ska music, the guitar or keyboards most of the times play, at times, exactly opposite to the beat.

And, last but not least: harmony. Usually, melodies are not just played alone by a solo instrument or a group of instruments playing the same thing. Very frequently there are 'lead' instruments which play melodies (such as the voice, wind instruments, etc.) and, at the same time, others that accompany them doing something else. This relationship between different notes played at the same time is what we call harmony.
Sometimes this can be done by one instrument such as guitar or piano, but other times by several instruments (like didjes or brass ensembles). There are many types of relations between two or more notes played at the same time, but they can be classified into two main divisions: consonance and dissonance.

Consonance refers to a sense of stability and 'relaxation' experienced when listening to some harmonic relations. Opposite to this, dissonance refers to the sensation of 'tension' or the feeling that something is 'unstable'. Depending on the 'distance' between one note and another, we can classify their relations into consonant and dissonant.

Now, if we think about the 12 tones of the scale (C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A# and B) and the possible relations between two or more notes, we arrive at the concept of intervals.

An interval is a number that represents the amount of notes between one note and another in the diatonic scale (C, D, E, F, G, A, B) - the one we all know without sharps (#) or flats (b).

For example, from C to G, there are 5 notes (C, D, E, F, G), from E to A, there are 4 notes (E, F, G, A), and so on. This way, we call the interval C-G a fifth, and the interval E-A a fourth. There may be unisons (where both notes played are the same), seconds, thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, sevenths and octaves (for example low C to high C).

Intervals can be further named according to the amounts of 'steps' that they contain:
A step is the distance between one note and another in the chromatic scale (the 12 tones mentioned before with sharps and flats). C to C# has one step, C to D has 2 steps (from C to C# and from C# to D), etc. Remember that in the westernised scales, C# is the same sound as Db, D# is the same as Eb, and so on. Just take a look at a piano and see for yourself. Find C# (the black key right to C) and Db (the black key left of D). There you go.

You must also remember that there are no black keys between E and F, and between B and C, so there is no such a thing as E#, Fb, B# or Cb.

So now, names are given to the different types of intervals:
0 steps = Unison (example: C-C)
1 step = Minor second (example: C-C#)
2 steps = Major second (example: C-D)
3 steps = Minor third (example: C-D#)
4 steps = Major third (example: C-E)
5 steps = Perfect fourth (example: C-F)
6 steps = Augmented fourth (example: C-F#)
6 steps = Diminished fifth (example: C-F#)
7 steps = Perfect fifth (example: C-G)
8 steps = Minor sixth (example: C-G#)
9 steps = Major sixth (example: C-A)
10 steps = Minor seventh (example: C-A#)
11 steps = Major seventh (example: C-B)
12 steps = octave (example: C-C)

Finally, these intervals just named can be classified into consonance and dissonance:
Most consonant: Unison and octave.
A little bit less (but still very consonant): Perfect fifths.
A little bit less consonant: Perfect fourths
Still less, but still consonant: Thirds and sixths (minor or major)

Dissonant: Seconds, sevenths, augmented fourths and diminished fifths.

Last of all, in western cultures, minor intervals are usually associated with sadness, thoughtfulness or interiorness while major ones have been related to feelings of joy, happiness, brilliance, etc.

But remember life is not always the same. Go ahead and play around. It's a matter of combining consonances and dissonances.

HOWEVER, if you're going to play for a meditation, it is highly recommended not to change intervals so often. It is better to do something somehow 'static' and consonant.

Remember when you play we are all part of nature and music is a way of uniting ourselves with Pacha Mama (mother nature).

Author: Carlos Alberto Manrique Clavijo
Source: http://www.didjshop.com/BasicMusicalHarmony.html</sub>